Appellate Division Upholds Termination of Employee Based on Her Facebook Posts

On March 21, 2024, the New Jersey Appellate Division issued a decision in Zack v. Integra Lifesciences Corp. in which the court upheld the termination of a White woman based on public posts she made on Facebook during the protests of police violence following the murder of George Floyd. After other company employees reported being offended by the posts, Integra’s HR Department conducted an investigation, which included reviewing the plaintiff’s post and comments. The investigation determined that plaintiff, an Integra manager who was already under a Performance Improvement Plan, violated the company’s social media policies and expectations. Integra terminated plaintiff, and she filed suit against the Company for, among other things, reverse racial discrimination, wrongful discharge based on the First Amendment, and violation of the New Jersey Civil Rights Act.

After the close of discovery, Integra moved for summary judgment, which the motion judge granted. Plaintiff appealed and the Appellate Division affirmed.

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The Supreme Court Addresses When Public Officials Can Block Social Media Followers

On March 15, 2024, the Supreme Court of the United States issued decisions in Lindke v. Freed and Garnier v. O’Connor-Ratcliff, two cases which involved when public officials can block social media followers and delete their comments.

The Lindke v. Freed case involved a City Manager (Freed) who deleted certain Facebook comments and then blocked Lindke, a critic of the city, who made comments on Freed’s Facebook page. Freed operated the Facebook page himself and used it to post “prolifically (and primarily)” about his personal life despite sometimes making posts about his City Manager job. After Freed blocked him, Lindke sued, claiming Freed’s Facebook page was a public forum and, as such, Freed violated Lindke’s First Amendment rights by removing his comments and then blocking him.

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The Supreme Court Addresses The First Amendment and Stalking via Facebook

On June 27, 2023, the Supreme Court of the United States decided Counterman v. Colorado, holding, among other things, that the First Amendment required the criminal conviction of a man found guilty of stalking a woman through Facebook to be vacated.

In Counterman, the defendant “sent hundreds of Facebook messages” to a woman he never met and he formed new accounts each time the woman blocked him. The woman believed the messages threatened her and placed her in a regular state of fear, so she reported him to the authorities. Colorado charged the defendant under a stalking statute and used only his Facebook posts as evidence at his trial to obtain a conviction. The defendant appealed, claiming that under the First Amendment his Facebook messages to the woman were not “true threats” and could not be used as evidence against him. The Colorado Court of Appeals held that the messages were “true threats” and, therefore were not protected by the First Amendment.

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The Second Circuit, The Second Amendment, and Social Media

On December 8, 2023, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit decided Antonyuk v. Chiumento, a case which challenged many provisions of New York’s law regulating the public carrying of firearms, the Concealed Carry Improvement Act (“CCIA”), based on the Second Amendment.

One challenged provision of the CCIA related to its requirement that an applicant for a concealed-carry license attend an in-person meeting with a licensing officer and disclose, among other things, “a list of all former and current social media accounts from the preceding three years.” Plaintiffs (several individuals, one church, and two advocacy groups each claiming to be adversely affected by the requirements of the CCIA) moved for a preliminary injunction to enjoin enforcement of this provision. The district court granted the preliminary injunction as to this provision, holding that the CCIA violated the Second Amendment by conditioning the issuance of a license on the disclosure of the applicant’s former and current social media accounts for the preceding three years. The district court found this requirement of the law lacked a sufficient basis in the “Nation’s historical tradition of firearm regulation,” one of the analytical steps a court must consider as set forth in the Supreme Court’s 2022 decision in New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n, Inc. v. Bruen.

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U.S. Supreme Court Agrees Grants Certiorari in the Two NetChoice Cases

In past Trending Law Blog posts on August 13, 2021, November 17, 2021, December 16, 2021, and September 8, 2022, we discussed the two NetChoice cases that arose in Florida (NetChoice, LLC v. Moody) and Texas (NetChoice, LLC v. Paxton), which involved states’ efforts to control and/or regulate the online speech of social media platforms.

In Moody, the United State Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit held that social media companies are private actors whose rights are protected by the First Amendment, allowing the platforms to moderate the content and exercise editorial judgment regarding posts on their sites. By contrast, in Paxton, the Fifth Circuit held that a private corporation’s First Amendment rights did not allow it “to muzzle speech” of those who post on a social media platform.

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U.S. Supreme Court Stays Preliminary Injunction Entered Against Certain Federal Officials and Agencies

On May 5, 2022, plaintiffs – the States of Missouri and Louisiana as well as various private parties – filed suit against the President and various federal agencies and officials, alleging that popular social media platforms had either blocked plaintiffs’ use of the platforms or “downgraded” their posts regarding certain controversial issues. On July 4, 2022, the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana issued a preliminary injunction against various Executive Branch agencies and officials prohibiting them from coercing social media companies to engage in censorship or controlling those companies’ decisions about the content posted on their platforms.

The injunction was slightly modified on October 3, 2023 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit such that the injunction provided that certain federal officials (1) could not “coerce” social media platforms to make “content moderation decisions” and (2) not meaningfully control social media platforms’ “content-moderation efforts.”

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Wiretap Order, not a Search Warrant, Needed to Obtain Certain Information from Facebook

The April 18, 2022 Trending Law Blog post discussed how, in Facebook, Inc. v. State of New Jersey, the New Jersey Appellate Division held that a communications data warrant, rather than a wiretap order, was required for law enforcement officers to obtain “prospective electronically stored information” from Facebook users as part of an ongoing criminal investigation.

In a June 29, 2023 decision, however, the Supreme Court of New Jersey unanimously reversed the determination of the Appellate Division.

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The Supreme Court Declines Another Opportunity to Consider Section 230

Just twelve days after Supreme Court of the United States issued a per curiam decision in Gonzalez v. Google LLC, in which the Court declined to address the application of §230 of the Communications Decency Act, 47 U.S. §230(c)(1)  (“§230”) (discussed in the June 2, 2023 Trending Law Blog post) to social media platforms, the Supreme Court denied certiorari in the matter of Jane Does v. Reddit, Inc., a case decided on October 24, 2022 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. In Reddit, parents and/or victims sued Reddit, a social media platform, after users of Reddit posted sexually explicit images and videos of minors on the site. The plaintiffs claimed Reddit was liable under the federal sex trafficking statute as a beneficiary of child pornography because Reddit financially benefitted from hosting the content. The district court dismissed the action and the Ninth Circuit affirmed, both courts finding that §230 protected Reddit from liability.

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Section 230 Dodges Yet Another Judicial Bullet

As reported in prior Trending Law Blog posts, Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, 47 U.S. §230(c)(1)  (“§230”), has come under attack by politicians and members of the public who seek to remove the statute’s immunity provision which protects social media platforms when they are sued for re-publishing content on their websites from a third-party.

On May 18, 2023, the Supreme Court of the United States issued a per curiam decision in Gonzalez v. Google LLC in which the Court declined to address the application of §230 to a case which alleged that Google “was both directly and secondarily liable” for a terrorist attack as a result of a terrorist organization’s use of YouTube, which Google owns and operates. (The Gonzalez case was previously discussed in the November 30, 2022 Trending Law Blog.) Rather than addressing the issue substantively, the Supreme Court reversed and remanded the matter to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which had held that certain claims against Google were not barred by §230. The Court instructed the Ninth Circuit “to consider plaintiffs’ complaint in light of the Court’s decision in” Twitter, Inc. v. Mehier Taamneh (discussed below).

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Social Media Influencer Sues Facebook and Twitter

In Hart v. Facebook Inc., et al., the United States District Court for the Northern District of California dismissed a social media influencer’s lawsuit against Facebook and Twitter for allegedly violating his First Amendment rights by flagging his posts and suspending his social media accounts. The influencer also sued President Joe Biden and Surgeon General Vivek Murthy in the same action for allegedly colluding with the social media platforms to monitor, flag, suspend and delete his posts.

In Hart, the plaintiff alleged that Facebook and Twitter restricted him from posting to his accounts or flagging his posts after he posted what the platforms considered to be misleading information about COVID-19. The platforms each found the posts at issue to be in violation of their terms of services and policies. Facebook and Twitter each moved to dismiss the complaint for failing to state a claim upon which relief could be granted because there was no state action, a requirement for a First Amendment violation.

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